Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
|
 C
|
1.
|
Id is to "Just do it" as superego is to
| a. | "Wait till later." |
| b. | "Do your own thing." |
| c. | "Don't do it." |
| d. | "Oh, sit on it." |
| |
|
C
|
2.
|
The unconscious contains
| a. | material that can easily be brought to awareness. |
| b. | everything we are aware of at a given moment. |
| c. | repressed memories and emotions. |
| d. | thoughts, perceptions, and memories. |
| |
|
B
|
3.
|
Behavioral theories of personality are often criticized for their
| a. | inability to test or verify concepts. |
| b. | limited recognition of temperament, emotion, and subjective factors. |
| c. | ability to explain behavior after the fact only. |
| d. | emphasis on the conditions under which behaviors occur. |
| |
|
B
|
4.
|
The concept of traits is used to account for personal characteristics that are
| a. | biologically determined. |
| b. | relatively permanent and enduring. |
| c. | situation specific. |
| d. | shared by a group. |
| |
|
C
|
5.
|
The five-factor model of personality includes
| a. | social interactionism. |
| b. | neuroticism. |
| c. | agreeableness. |
| d. | sense of humor. |
| |
|
B
|
6.
|
A personality theory is a(n)
| a. | category used to describe personality. |
| b. | interrelated system of concepts used to explain personality. |
| c. | relatively permanent set of behavior patterns. |
| d. | subjective evaluation of a person. |
| |
|
B
|
7.
|
Which of the following is an unconscious personality structure made up of biological urges seeking fulfillment?
| a. | ego |
| b. | id |
| c. | superego |
| d. | subconscious |
| |
|
A
|
8.
|
Criticisms of Freud's developmental theory have centered on
| a. | the over-emphasis on sexuality in personality development. |
| b. | Freud's treatment of father-daughter relationship. |
| c. | the need for a stern or threatening mother in the development of conscience. |
| d. | the unimportance of the first years of life in the formation of personality. |
| |
|
B
|
9.
|
One problem psychologists have with personality types is they
| a. | are hypothetical constructs. |
| b. | oversimplify personality. |
| c. | describe character, not personality. |
| d. | are not observable or measurable. |
| |
|
A
|
10.
|
Freud believed that personality was typified by
| a. | a delicate balance of power among the three personality structures. |
| b. | a lack of struggle among the three personality structures in the healthy individual. |
| c. | a lack of struggle among the three personality structures in the unhealthy individual. |
| d. | a state of struggle among the three personality structures in which the id gets caught in the middle. |
| |
|
 A
|
11.
|
To understand personality, trait theorists attempt to
| a. | create traits that fit people. |
| b. | increase the number of basic traits that have been identified. |
| c. | classify traits and discover how they are related to behavior. |
| d. | reduce the common traits to measures of temperament. |
| |
|
B
|
12.
|
According to Freud, the energy from life instincts that drives personality is called the
| a. | ego. |
| b. | libido. |
| c. | life force. |
| d. | eros. |
| |
|
A
|
13.
|
According to Freud, the id is governed by the
| a. | pleasure principle. |
| b. | reality principle. |
| c. | ego ideal. |
| d. | creature comfort principle. |
| |
|
B
|
14.
|
Learning theorists
| a. | have removed the "person" from personality. |
| b. | emphasize situational determinants of behavior. |
| c. | stress the role of the unconscious. |
| d. | would view a trait as stable in all situations. |
| |
|
D
|
15.
|
In the Freudian view of personality, which system is totally unconscious and dominated by biological instincts?
| a. | id |
| b. | ego |
| c. | superego |
| d. | libido |
| |
|
B
|
16.
|
__________ theory maximized and __________ theory minimized the role of the unconscious.
| a. | Trait; humanistic |
| b. | Psychoanalytic; behaviorist |
| c. | Psychoanalytic; humanistic |
| d. | Trait; behaviorist |
| |
|
A
|
17.
|
According to Freud, the ego is governed by the
| a. | pleasure principle. |
| b. | reality principle. |
| c. | ego ideal. |
| d. | partial ego principle. |
| |
|
B
|
18.
|
The five-factor model of personality includes
| a. | social interactionism. |
| b. | conscientiousness. |
| c. | sense of humor. |
| d. | neuroticism. |
| |
|
B
|
19.
|
According to Jung, art, religion, myths, and drama are important to individual functioning because they
| a. | facilitate conscious development. |
| b. | are symbols that appeal to basic archetypes. |
| c. | provide the means for achieving control over a hostile environment. |
| d. | transmit specific information for solving developmental tasks. |
| |
|
A
|
20.
|
One of Freud's major contributions was his
| a. | belief that the first years of life help to shape personality. |
| b. | belief in the concept of libido, sexual desires, and biological instincts. |
| c. | discovery of complexes during the genital stage. |
| d. | elaboration of the humanistic approach to personality development. |
| |
|
D
|
21.
|
What do psychologists mean by the term trait-situation interaction?
| a. | Situations change traits. |
| b. | Situations create new traits. |
| c. | Traits determine situations. |
| d. | Situations affect how traits are exhibited. |
| |
|
D
|
22.
|
An adjective checklist would most likely be used by a
| a. | psychodynamic therapist. |
| b. | behaviorist. |
| c. | humanistic therapist. |
| d. | trait theorist. |
| |
|
D
|
23.
|
The "amazing similarities" of identical twins may be a result of
| a. | the fallacy of positive instances. |
| b. | deliberate deceit by the twins. |
| c. | deliberate deceit by the researchers. |
| d. | the Barnum effect. |
| |
|
D
|
24.
|
Psychologists who believe that people grow and develop throughout their lives and that people are inherently good are
| a. | psychoanalysts. |
| b. | radical behaviorists. |
| c. | social learning theorists. |
| d. | humanists. |
| |
|
A
|
25.
|
Connie and Sue are identical twins reared apart and recently reunited. Carl and Fred are unrelated students at a major university. Which of the following statements is TRUE of these pairings?
| a. | Connie and Sue will probably show a long list of amazing similarities, while Carl and Fred will only share a couple of similarities. |
| b. | Connie and Sue will probably share many similarities; Carl and Fred may share many similarities but are probably not motivated enough to discover them. |
| c. | Connie and Sue will not share as many similarities as will Carl and Fred. |
| d. | Connie and Sue will have more differences than will Carl and Fred. |
| |
|
D
|
26.
|
According to the humanists, __________ occurs when people are free from dependence on external authority or on other people.
| a. | autonomy |
| b. | spontaneity |
| c. | peak experience |
| d. | task centering |
| |
|
A
|
27.
|
A psychiatrist who explains pathological behavior as a conflict between underlying psychological forces is using the __________ model.
| a. | psychoanalytic |
| b. | behavioral |
| c. | medical |
| d. | humanistic |
| |
|
B
|
28.
|
According to behaviorists,
| a. | hostile, generous, or destructive impulses arise in the unconscious. |
| b. | personality is acquired through conditioning and observational learning. |
| c. | personality is strongly influenced by one's self-image. |
| d. | personality develops from initial feelings of inferiority. |
| |
|
A
|
29.
|
The part of the mind that is beyond awareness is called the
| a. | unconscious. |
| b. | conscious. |
| c. | postconscious. |
| d. | preconscious. |
| |
|
B
|
30.
|
The __________ contains material of which you may be unaware but that can easily be brought to awareness.
| a. | subconscious |
| b. | preconscious |
| c. | unconscious |
| d. | conscious |
| |
|
D
|
31.
|
According to Freud, the key to mental health is
| a. | an overpowering superego. |
| b. | an unrestrained id. |
| c. | dominance of the pleasure principle. |
| d. | balance among mental processes. |
| |
|
B
|
32.
|
If you know the personality of an identical twin, you can expect the personality of the other twin to be
| a. | unrelated. |
| b. | similar. |
| c. | identical. |
| d. | conflicting. |
| |
|
C
|
33.
|
The __________ begins with puberty and ends with a mature capacity for love and the realization of full adult sexuality.
| a. | latency period |
| b. | Oedipal and Electra conflicts |
| c. | genital stage |
| d. | phallic stage |
| |
|
C
|
34.
|
Which is included as one of the traits Maslow theorized were possessed by self-actualizers?
| a. | egocentrism |
| b. | extraversion |
| c. | superior intelligence |
| d. | capacity to laugh at oneself |
| |
|
C
|
35.
|
We each have a perception of our own personality traits. This perception strongly influences our behavior. Psychologists call this perception
| a. | self-evaluation. |
| b. | inner concept. |
| c. | self-concept. |
| d. | self-esteem. |
| |
|
B
|
36.
|
A key element of Carl Rogers' personality theory is the concept of
| a. | meta-needs. |
| b. | the self or self-image. |
| c. | self-reinforcement. |
| d. | the pleasure principle. |
| |
|
D
|
37.
|
According to Freud, the Oedipal and Electra conflicts end when a child takes on the values and behaviors of the same sex parent in a process called
| a. | fixation. |
| b. | imitation. |
| c. | observation. |
| d. | identification. |
| |
|
C
|
38.
|
Between the ages of 1 and 3 years, the child is said to go through the __________ stage.
| a. | phallic |
| b. | latency |
| c. | anal |
| d. | genital |
| |
|
C
|
39.
|
The position that personality is composed of learned patterns is held by
| a. | neo-Freudians. |
| b. | humanists. |
| c. | behaviorists or behavioral personality theorists. |
| d. | psychoanalytic theorists. |
| |
|
A
|
40.
|
Which theory of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud?
| a. | psychoanalytic |
| b. | behavioristic |
| c. | humanistic |
| d. | psychosocial |
| |
|
A
|
41.
|
Freud became interested in the study of personality when he realized that
| a. | his patients lacked physical causes for their problems. |
| b. | the treatment of psychological disorders was more advanced than those for physical disorders. |
| c. | many of his patients were faking symptoms. |
| d. | no comprehensive theories of the mind were widely accepted. |
| |
|
C
|
42.
|
Jung believed that there are basic universal concepts in all people regardless of culture called
| a. | persona. |
| b. | collective consciousness. |
| c. | archetypes. |
| d. | mandalas. |
| |
|
D
|
43.
|
The description of a person's character implies
| a. | the use of rating scales. |
| b. | the use of multiple observers. |
| c. | the use of situational testing. |
| d. | judgment about the desirability of traits. |
| |
|
C
|
44.
|
The main criticism of humanistic theory is that
| a. | it emphasizes the negative dimensions of personality. |
| b. | it is research rather than experience oriented. |
| c. | its concepts are imprecise and difficult to study objectively. |
| d. | its approach is more empirical than philosophical. |
| |
|
D
|
45.
|
If self-esteem is too high, the person may be
| a. | boring. |
| b. | ineffective. |
| c. | dull. |
| d. | arrogant. |
| |
|
B
|
46.
|
Behaviorists are to the external environment as humanists are to
| a. | stress. |
| b. | personal growth. |
| c. | humankind. |
| d. | internal conflicts. |
| |
|
C
|
47.
|
Freud believed that at each psychosexual stage a different part of the body becomes
| a. | id-fixated. |
| b. | archetypical. |
| c. | an erogenous zone. |
| d. | a source for modeling. |
| |
|
C
|
48.
|
Self-actualization refers to
| a. | a tendency that causes human personality problems. |
| b. | what it is that makes certain men and women famous. |
| c. | anyone who is making full use of his or her potentials. |
| d. | the requirements necessary for becoming famous, academically distinguished, or rich. |
| |
|
D
|
49.
|
The term personality refers to
| a. | the hereditary aspects of one's emotional nature. |
| b. | unique and enduring behavior patterns. |
| c. | favorable and unfavorable personal characteristics. |
| d. | charisma, character, or temperament. |
| |
|
B
|
50.
|
__________ theories stress private, subjective experience and personal growth.
| a. | Trait |
| b. | Humanistic |
| c. | Behavioristic |
| d. | Psychodynamic |
| |
|
A
|
51.
|
During the first year of life, the child is said to go through the __________ stage.
| a. | oral |
| b. | anal |
| c. | genital |
| d. | phallic |
| |
|
B
|
52.
|
Critics of psychoanalytic personality theory note its failure to
| a. | be able to predict future behavior. |
| b. | provide a role for biological instincts in personality development. |
| c. | explain psychological events after they have occurred. |
| d. | emphasize the importance of human sexuality. |
| |
|
C
|
53.
|
Learning sex-appropriate behavior is greatly influenced by
| a. | self-reinforcement and resolution of unconscious conflicts. |
| b. | identification and imitation. |
| c. | toilet training and early feeding contacts. |
| d. | valuing and self-regard. |
| |
|
D
|
54.
|
Which of the following is POOR advice for a person who wishes to promote self-actualization?
| a. | Seek peak experiences. |
| b. | Take responsibility. |
| c. | Be willing to change. |
| d. | Try to live up to what others think you should be. |
| |
|
D
|
55.
|
If you were asked to describe the personality of your best friend, and you said she was optimistic, reserved, and friendly, you would be using the __________ approach.
| a. | psychodynamic |
| b. | analytical |
| c. | humanistic |
| d. | trait |
| |
|
D
|
56.
|
The halo effect refers to
| a. | the technique in which the frequency of various behaviors is recorded. |
| b. | the use of ambiguous or unstructured stimuli. |
| c. | the process of admitting experience into consciousness. |
| d. | the tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first impression to unrelated details of personality. |
| |
|
D
|
57.
|
According to Rogers, the __________ self represents a very idealized self-image.
| a. | phenomenal |
| b. | incongruent |
| c. | archetypal |
| d. | ideal |
| |
|
B
|
58.
|
In Freudian theory, the __________ is the "executive" structure that is directed by the reality principle.
| a. | id |
| b. | ego |
| c. | superego |
| d. | libido |
| |
|
C
|
59.
|
According to Freud, the Oedipus and Electra conflicts occur during the
| a. | anal stage. |
| b. | oral stage. |
| c. | phallic stage. |
| d. | genital stage. |
| |
|
D
|
60.
|
Characteristics that are shared by most members of a culture are termed
| a. | cardinal traits. |
| b. | ethnic traits. |
| c. | general traits. |
| d. | common traits. |
| |
|
A
|
61.
|
The role "possible selves" play in our lives is to
| a. | provide a basis for comparing self-image and true self. |
| b. | give us models for identification. |
| c. | direct our behavior toward an imagined future. |
| d. | remind us that all things are always possible. |
| |
|
D
|
62.
|
In Adler's view, the main striving of personality is for
| a. | dominance. |
| b. | sophistication. |
| c. | instincts. |
| d. | superiority. |
| |
|
C
|
63.
|
An overly strict or harsh superego will cause
| a. | increasing levels of primary process thinking. |
| b. | an antisocial personality. |
| c. | inhibition, rigidity, or intolerable guilt. |
| d. | a breakdown of the libido. |
| |
|
C
|
64.
|
Concerning pure extroversion and pure introversion, it is most accurate to say
| a. | a person is either one or the other. |
| b. | most people fall somewhere between these extremes. |
| c. | these terms were coined by the famous Swiss psychologist, Gordon Allport. |
| d. | they represent basic physical traits. |
| |
|
D
|
65.
|
Classifying people as having either a Type A or Type B personality has been used to predict
| a. | competency as a parent. |
| b. | chances of suffering a heart attack. |
| c. | success in education. |
| d. | chances of developing a serious mental illness. |
| |
|
C
|
66.
|
Rogers calls the image of the person you would like to be the
| a. | ego ideal. |
| b. | self archetype. |
| c. | ideal self. |
| d. | reinforced self. |
| |
|
C
|
67.
|
Which personality theories attempt to explain behavior by focusing on the inner workings of the personality including internal conflicts?
| a. | trait |
| b. | behavioristic |
| c. | psychodynamic |
| d. | humanistic |
| |
|
D
|
68.
|
Delaying action until it is appropriate describes the ego's use of the
| a. | pleasure principle. |
| b. | morality principle. |
| c. | ego ideal. |
| d. | reality principle. |
| |
|
A
|
69.
|
The psychological situation, expectancy, and reinforcement value are important concepts in
| a. | social learning theory. |
| b. | Gestalt theories. |
| c. | radical behaviorism. |
| d. | instrumental conditioning. |
| |
|
A
|
70.
|
__________ theorists believe humans have free will.
| a. | Humanistic |
| b. | Behavioristic |
| c. | Psychoanalytic |
| d. | Trait |
| |
|
C
|
71.
|
In psychoanalytic theory, conscious control is experienced by the
| a. | pleasure principle. |
| b. | id. |
| c. | ego. |
| d. | libido. |
| |
|
A
|
72.
|
Temperament refers to
| a. | charisma or character. |
| b. | unique and enduring behavior patterns. |
| c. | learned traits of emotional response. |
| d. | hereditary emotional traits. |
| |
|
D
|
73.
|
Abraham Maslow developed the concept of self-actualization by initially studying
| a. | the maze-learning abilities of rats with sub-cortical lesions. |
| b. | his own patients. |
| c. | how children reacted to viewing aggressive role models on television. |
| d. | people who lived unusually effective lives. |
| |
|
A
|
74.
|
Freud called an unresolved conflict caused by over-indulgence or frustration a(n)
| a. | fixation. |
| b. | retentiveness. |
| c. | incongruency. |
| d. | expressiveness. |
| |
|
D
|
75.
|
The messy and disorderly person is described by Freud as being
| a. | orally retentive. |
| b. | anally retentive. |
| c. | a phallic personality. |
| d. | anally expulsive. |
| |
|
A
|
76.
|
__________ traits are personality traits the comprise a person's unique individual qualities.
| a. | Central |
| b. | Secondary |
| c. | Cardinal |
| d. | Individual |
| |
|
B
|
77.
|
Which personality theorist strongly rejected Sigmund Freud's claim that males are dominant or superior to females?
| a. | Alfred Adler |
| b. | Karen Horney |
| c. | Carl Jung |
| d. | Erich Fromm |
| |
|
B
|
78.
|
For Freud, the time during which psychosexual development is interrupted is called the
| a. | phallic stage. |
| b. | latency period. |
| c. | Oedipal period. |
| d. | genital stage. |
| |
|
D
|
79.
|
At what age does personality become quite stable?
|
B
|
80.
|
Suppose the ego were a hungry person in a crowded cafeteria. The ego would most likely
| a. | do nothing. |
| b. | wait in line. |
| c. | push to the head of the line. |
| d. | feel guilty about being so hungry. |
| |
|
B
|
81.
|
Which of the following is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages?
| a. | anal, phallic, oral, genital |
| b. | oral, anal, phallic, genital |
| c. | genital, phallic, oral, anal |
| d. | anal, oral, phallic, genital |
| |
|
C
|
82.
|
The popularity of politicians who are physically attractive may be a consequence of the
| a. | androgyny effect. |
| b. | Hawthorne effect. |
| c. | halo effect. |
| d. | ordinal effect. |
| |
|
D
|
83.
|
Which of the following could account for a major personality change in middle adulthood?
| a. | moving to a new city |
| b. | changing your looks |
| c. | making new friends |
| d. | a personal tragedy |
| |
|
C
|
84.
|
According to Jung, a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans is
| a. | the persona. |
| b. | the personal unconscious. |
| c. | the collective unconscious. |
| d. | the anima. |
| |
|
A
|
85.
|
A defining characteristic of traits is that they are
| a. | fixed. |
| b. | observed. |
| c. | evaluative. |
| d. | enduring. |
| |
|
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