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Personality Theories Outline Part One
INTRODUCTION
- Definition of personality
- Research methods -- Quantitative
- Personality tests
- Correlation
- Experimentation
- Control
- Realism
- Generalization
- Samples
- Research methods -- Qualitative
- Introspection
- Observation
- Interviews
- Case studies
- Issues
- Ethnocentrism
- Egocentrism
- Dogmatism
FREUD
- Introduction
- Anna O.
- Hysteria
- Levels
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious
- Structure
- Id
- Drives or instincts
- Wishes
- Primary process
- Pleasure principle
- Ego
- Secondary process
- Reality principle
- Superego
- Conscience
- Ego ideal
- Instincts
- Life (libido)
- Individual
- Sex
- Death
- Nirvana principle
- Aggression
- Anxiety
- Realistic (fear)
- Moral (guilt)
- Neurotic
- Ego defense mechanisms (Anna Freud)
- Denial
- Repression
- Asceticism
- Isolation
- Displacement
- Turning-against-the-self
- Projection
- Altruistic surrender
- Reaction formation
- Undoing
- Introjection
- Identification with the aggressor
- Regression
- Rationalization
- Sublimation
- Development
- Sex as the need to touch and be touched
- Erogenous zones
- Stages and crises
- Oral -- weaning
- Anal -- potty training
- Phallic
- Latent
- Genital
- Oedipal crisis
- Castration anxiety
- Penis envy
- Character types
- Fixation
- Oral passive
- Oral aggressive
- Anal retentive
- Anal explulsive
- Phallic (general)
- Genital:"love and work"
- Therapy
- Relaxed atmosphere
- Free association
- Resistance clues
- Dream analysis
- Parapraxis
- Projective tests
- Transference
- Catharsis
- Insight
ANNA FREUD
- Ego Psychology
- Ego defense mechanisms (see Freud, above)
ERIKSON
- Epigenetic principle
- Optimal times
- Tasks or crises
- Maladaptive and malignant tendencies
- Virtue or strengths
- Mutuality
- Stages
- I. Infant
- Trust vs mistrust
- Sensory maladjustment / withdrawal
- Hope
- II. Toddler
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt
- Impulsiveness / compulsion
- Willpower
- III. Preschooler
- Initiative vs guilt
- Ruthlessness / inhibition
- Purpose
- IV. School child
- Industry vs inferiority
- Narrow viruosity / inertia
- Competency
- V. Adolescent
- Ego-identity vs role confusion
- Fanaticism / repudiation
- Fidelity
- Rites of passage
- Identity crisis
- Psychosocial moratorium
- VI. Young adult
- Intimacy vs isolation
- Promiscuity / exclusivity
- Love
- VII. Middle adult
- Generativity vs stagnation
- Midlife crisis
- Overextension / rejectivity
- Caring
- VIII. Late adult
- Ego-integrity vs despair
- Presumption / disdain
- Wisdom
RANK
- The hero myth
- Will
- Types
- Adapted
- Neurotic
- Productive ("artist")
- Life instinct
- Fear of death
- Death instinct
- Fear of life
JUNG
- Ego
- Personal unconscious
- Collective unconscious
- Archetypes
- Mother
- Mana
- Shadow
- Persona
- Anima/animus
- Self
- Mandala
- Principles
- Principle of opposites
- Principle of equivalence
- Complexes
- Principle of entropy
- Transcendence of opposites
- Synchronicity
- Types
- Introversion
- Extraversion
- Sensing
- Thinking
- Intuiting
- Feeling
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
- Judging
- Perceiving
Personality Theories Outline Part Two
ADLER
- Striving for perfection
- Aggression drive
- Compensation
- Masculine protest
- Striving for superiority
- Life style
- Holism
- Individual Psychology
- Style of life
- Teleology
- The Philosophy of "As If"
- Fictions
- Fictional finalism
- Social interest
- Neurosis
- Organ inferiority
- Psychological inferiority
- Inferiority complex
- Superiority complex
- Psychological types
- Ruling
- Leaning
- Avoiding
- Socially useful
- Childhood
- Prototype
- Pampering
- Neglect
- Birth order
- Only
- First
- Second
- Youngest
- Diagnosis
- Earliest childhood memories
- Body language
- Childhood problems
- Empathy, intuition, guesswork
- Therapy
- Know thyself (fictions, inferiorities, etc.)
- Encourage social interest
HORNEY
- Neurosis as ways of interpersonal control and coping
- Needs become neurotic when...
- Unrealistic
- Unreasonable
- Indiscriminate
- Anxiety
- Neurotic needs
- 1. Affection and approval
- 2. A partner
- 3. Narrow borders
- 4. Power
- 5. Exploit others
- 6. Social recognition
- 7. Personal admiration
- 8. Personal achievement
- 9. Independence
- 10. Perfection
- Coping strategies
- I. Compliance--moving toward--self-effacing
- II. Aggression--moving against--expansive
- III. Withdrawal--moving away from--resigning
- Development
- Basic evil--parental indifference
- Basic hostility
- Basic anxiety
- Coping strategies
- I. If you love me, you will not hurt me
- II. If I have power, I shall not be hurt
- III. If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me
- Self theory
- Self-realization
- Despised self
- Ideal self
- Tyrrany of the shoulds
ELLIS
- REBT -- Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
- ABC
- A -- activating experiences
- B -- beliefs, especially the irrational, self-defeating beliefs
- C -- consequences, the neurotic symptoms and negative emotions
- DE
- D -- the therapist disputes the irrational beliefs
- E -- positive psychological effects
- Thinking errors
- 1. ignoring the positive,
- 2. exaggerating the negative
- 3. overgeneralizing.
- 12 Irrational Ideas
- Three main irrational beliefs:
- 1. “I must be outstandingly competent, or I am worthless.”
- 2. “Others must treat me considerately, or they are absolutely rotten.”
- 3. “The world should always give me happiness, or I will die.”
- The therapist argues against these irrational ideas
- 1. Is there any evidence for this belief?
- 2. What is the evidence against this belief?
- 3. What is the worst that can happen if you give up this belief?
- 4. And what is the best that can happen?
- Unconditional self-acceptance
FROMM
- Freedom
- Freud: behavior determined by unconscious / biology
- Animals have instincts
- Marx: behavior determined by society / economics
- Traditional societies have tradition
- Fromm: transcendence of determinism
- Modern society "burdens" us with freedom
- Escape from freedom
- Authoritarianism
- Masochistic
- Sadistic
- Destructiveness
- Automaton conformity
- Family origins
- Symbiotic families
- Parent "swallows" child
- Child "swallows" parent
- Withdrawing families
- Cold, puritanical type
- Modern, infantile type
- The social unconscious
- Orientations
- I. Receptive orientation
- Expects to get
- Passive member of symbiotic family
- "Masochistic" authoritarianism
- Peasantry
- II. Exploitative orientation
- Expects to take
- Active member of symbiotic family
- "Sadistic" Authoritarianism
- Aristocracy
- III. Hoarding orientation
- Expects to keep
- Cold withdrawal family
- Perfectionism or destructiveness
- Bourgeoisie
- IV. Marketing orientation
- Expects to sell
- Modern withdrawal family
- Automaton conformity
- Modern society
- V. Productive orientation
- Love and reason
- Acceptance of freedom and responsibility
- Humanistic communitarian socialism
- Being (vs. having) mode
- Evil
- Biophilia
- Necrophilia
- Human needs
- Relatedness
- Creativity
- Identity
- Rootedness
- Frame of orientation
BANDURA
- Reciprocal determinism
- Psychological processes
- Imagery
- Language
- Modeling (observational learning)
- Bobo doll experiment
- Steps
- Attentional processes
- Dampers
- Model's characteristics
- Retention
- Imagery
- Verbal description
- Reproduction
- Prior abilities
- Practice
- Motivation
- Reinforcement
- Incentives
- Vicarious reinforcement
- Punishment
- Threats
- Vicarious punishment
- Self-regulation
- Self-observation
- Judgement
- Standards
- Self-response
- Rewarding self-responses
- Punishing self-responses
- Self-concept
- Compensation
- Inactivity
- Escape
- Therapy
- Self-control therapy
- Behavioral charts or diaries
- Environmental planning
- Self-contracts
- Modeling therapy
Personality Theories Outline Part Three
EYSENCK, et al.
- Ancient Greeks
- Sanguine
- Choleric
- Phlegmatic
- Melancholy
- Eysenck
- Factor analysis
- Neuroticism
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Panic attacks
- Introversion-extraversion
- Excitation and inhibition
- Learning vs forgetting traumas
- Psychoticism
- Five factor theory (Norman, McCrae and Costa)
- Extraversion - introversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Emotional stability - neuroticism
- Culture (openness to experience)
- Buss and Plomin
- Emotionality
- Sociability
- Activity
- Impulsivity
ALLPORT
- Opportunistic functioning
- Propriate functioning
- Proprium
- Essential, warm, central
- Sense of body
- Self-identity
- Self-esteem
- Self-extension
- Self-image
- Rational coping
- Propriate striving
- Personal traits or dispositions
- Common traits
- Central traits
- Secondary traits
- Cardinal traits
- Psychological maturity
- 1. Extensions of self
- 2. Warm relating
- 3. Emotional security
- 4. Realistic perception
- 5. Problem centeredness
- 6. Self-objectification
- 7. Philosophy of life
- Functional autonomy
- Perseverative -- habits
- Propriate (values)
- Theoretical
- Economic
- Aesthetic
- Social
- Political
- Religious
MASLOW
- Hierarchy of needs
- Physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Belongingness and love needs
- Esteem needs
- Need for the respect of others
- Need for self-respect
- Deficit (D) needs
- Homeostasis
- Instinctoid
- Philosophy of the future
- Neurosis
- Regression under stress
- Self-actualization
- Growth motivation, B needs
- Biographical research
- Characteristics
- Peak experiences
- Metaneeds
- Metapathologies
ROGERS
- Actualizing tendency
- Details
- Organismic valuing process
- Positive regard and self-regard
- Conditions of worth
- Conditional positive regard and self-regard
- Incongruence
- Real self
- Ideal self
- Neurosis
- Defenses
- Threatening situations
- Perceptual distortion
- Denial
- Psychosis:Shattered self
- Fully functioning person
- Openness to experience
- Existential living
- Organismic trusting
- Experiential freedom
- Creativity
- Therapy
- Non-directive, client-centered
- Reflection
- Therapist
- Congruence
- Empathy
- Respect
- Necessary and sufficient
SNYGG AND COMBS
- phenomenal field
- phenomenal self
- single motive
- differentiation
- threat
- meaning (re learning)
KELLY
- Basics
- Constructive alternativism
- Fruitful metaphor
- Fundamental postulate
- Corollaries
- Experience corollary
- Construction corollary
- Dichotomy corollary
- Personal constructs
- Bipolar constructs
- Unconscious
- Submerged
- Organization corollary
- Subordinate constructs
- Constellations
- Independent constructs
- Tight construction
- Loose construction
- Creativity cycle
- Range corollary
- Range of convenience
- Comprehensive (broad)
- Incidental (narrow)
- Modulation corollary
- Permeable (open)
- Impermeable (closed)
- Dilation
- Constriction
- Choice corollary
- Elaboration
- Adventurous choice
- Security choice
- Individuality corollary
- Commonality corollary
- Fragmentation corollary
- Community of selves
- Sociality corollary
- Role playing
- Feelings
- Anxiety
- Threat
- Guilt
- Aggression
- Hostility
- Therapy
- Psychological disorder
- Reconstruction
- Experiments
- Movement
- Role playing
- Homework
- Fixed-role therapy
- Character sketch
- Fixed-role sketch
- Assessment
- Rep grid
- Elements
- Similarity pole
- Contrast pole
Personality Theories Outline Part Four
BINSWANGER
- Existential psychology
- Phenomenological method
- Phenomena
- Intentionality
- Bracketing
- Intersubjectivity
- Existence precedes essence
- Freedom
- Dasein
- Care
- Thrownness
- Fallenness
- Understanding
- Project
- Anxiety (dread, angst)
- Nothingness
- Guilt (debt, regret)
- Death
- Being-towards-death
- Authenticity
- Inauthenticity
- Conventionality
- Neurosis
- Themes
- Existential analysis
- World-view (world-design, Lebenswelt)
- Umwelt
- Mitwelt
- Eigenwelt
- Time and space
- Modes
- Singular
- Plural
- Dual
- Anonymous
- Metaphors
- Therapy
- Encounter
- Autonomy
BOSS
- Illumination
- Gelassenheit ("letting go")
- Existentials
- Space and time (see above)
- Mood (attunement)
- Dreams (as illumination)
FRANKL
- Logotherapy
- Will to meaning
- Conscience
- Existential vacuum
- Anticipatory anxiety
- Hyperintention
- Hyperreflection
- The abyss experience
- Psychopathology
- Anxiety neurosis
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Depression
- Finding meaning
- Experiential values
- Creative values
- Attitudinal values
- Suffering
- Transcendence
- Suprameaning
- Therapy
- Paradoxical intention
- Dereflection
- Self-transcendence
MAY
- Destiny
- Courage
- Anxiety
- Developmental types
- Innocence
- Rebellion
- Ordinary
- Creative
- The daimonic
- Daimons
- Daimonic possession
- Eros
- Will
- Wishes
- Personality types
- Neo-Puritan
- Infantile
- Myths
BUDDHIST PSYCHOLOGY
- Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
- Structure of the mind
- The five skandhas
- the body
- sensations and feelings
- perceptions and thoughts
- mental acts (will, attention...)
- basic consciousness
- The six fields ("senses")
- The four noble truths
- 1. Life is (full of) suffering
- Suffering
- Impermanence
- Anatman
- 2. Suffering is caused by attachment
- Attachment
- Hatred or avoidance
- Ignorance
- 3. Suffering can be extinguished
- Nirvana ("blowing out")
- 4. There is a way
- Dharma
- Eightfold path
- Wisdom
- 1. Right view
- 2. Right aspiration
- Moral precepts
- 3. Right speech
- 4. Right action
- 5. Right livelihood
- Karma
- Meditation
- 6. Right effort
- 7. Right mindfulness
- 8. Right concentration
- Bodhisattvas
- Brahma vihara
- Loving kindness
- Compassion
- Sympathetic joy
- Equanimity
- Emptiness (sunyata)
- Non-dualistic perception and thought
- Koans
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